Oral comprehension involves nuanced understanding of speech, context, and tone, which AI is advancing but not yet fully automated in complex real-world scenarios.

Oral Expression involves complex, context-dependent communication that requires nuance, adaptability, and real-time interaction, which current AI systems struggle to fully replicate, though some aspects like script generation may be automated.

Fluency of Ideas involves complex, context-dependent creativity and adaptability that current AI lacks, even with advancements in generative models.

Problem Sensitivity requires nuanced judgment, contextual understanding, and adaptability, which current AI systems lack. While AI can analyze data, true problem sensitivity involves human intuition, ethics, and creativity.

AI excels in structured deductive tasks but may struggle with complex, context-dependent reasoning requiring human intuition.

Inductive reasoning involves pattern recognition and generalization, which AI already excels at through machine learning, with further advancements likely to enhance this capability in the next five years.

This human ability involves repetitive tasks that AI already performs well.

Category Flexibility involves adapting to novel or shifting categories, which requires contextual understanding and creativity—challenges AI still faces, though progress in transfer learning may narrow the gap.

Flexibility of Closure involves dynamic, context-dependent adaptation that requires nuanced understanding and creativity, which current AI lacks.